Muslim Rule In Spain, History of Muslims In Spain,

Muslims in Spain

The muslims had a very long history in spain it was muslim administration of ummayads during the caliphate of waleed when the spain was conqured by muslims.when the caliph waleed assumed the throne of ummayad caliphate,what he did he sent all the most powerful generals to the different corners of the world in order to consolidated to his rule similarly the Musa Nasir He was served as the governor general under the caliphate of waleed, when he got different complaints from the muslims that  from the outside of muslim domain they were much oppressed, consequently in order to save muslims he wrote letter to the al waleed regarding this matter ,after getting the permission from caliph waleed he sent tariq bin ziyad to spain in 711 AD with the 12000 force against the christrian king Roderick .when the king Roderick heard that the muslims had intention to invade upon spain so He prepared a big force it is to be said that he had prepared almost 1 lack army in order to combat this muslim invasion.  When the muslims reached to spain the tariq bin ziyad landed on the base of huge rock after him this rock came to known as the jabli tariq or Gibraltar.

The muslims encounter in spain first started with governor of spain called as theodomir in this battle the spanish force suffered heavy defeat. The next encounter of muslims started with the gothick king of spain in 711 the spanish force was under the command of Roderick followed by 1 lakh army this battle was occurred at jeroz in the valley of lakka near madinah.in this battle the force of roderick was  defeated the Roderick disappeared and drowned intobthe river guadlite.

In 712 the musa nasir another commandar of muslims went to spain with big force similarly the combined forces then capatured the whole spain.thereafter the death of caliph waleed occurred at  Damascus then masa Nasir came back from the spain and left a son there called as the ab Aziz. So Ab Aziz became the first muslim  governor the widow of Roderick named as Egilona later on married to ab aziz after the death of first governor from time to time many muslims governors rulled in spain such as Ayyub,  Hur Bin Abdul Rehman, Al Kulani ,Abdul Khattar etc Yousuf al Fahri was the last rullar.

Ab.Rehman Dakhil New Comer D.788

When the Abbasids started the revolt againist the ummayads and killed the many ummayads princes except Ab Rahman he escaped and went  to morocco and sought shelter to the berber tribe called as banu nafoosa it was the tribe belongs to his mother ,after spent some time in morroco He later on sent emissary to spain for help and he was supported by the berbers and some yemenite people so with the help of these people he again prepared a big force of 20 thousand defeated the last rullar of spain yousuf al fahri,and established the ummayad dynasty in spain .according to historians of islam they mentioned the Ab Rehman as the good rullar besides  a good poet, He did great development in spain He repaired roads, buildings and established many new masjids in spain.

His greatest achievement are

He established mint at cordva

He built muawiyat ul rusafa garden

He establised cordova masjid in 786 with 193 pillars and 19 big gates the puplit made up of gold.

Ab,Rehman had great relation with the charlemenge of germany and defeated to christrians

Ab rehman known by the two names or titles one is Dakhil and another is falcon of the spain .Before his death he succeded to his son Hisham as the muslim rullar of spain.

Hisham

The Hisham was succeded by his father Ab rehman first when he assumed the throne he made war againist his brother sulimaan after defeating him he made another war with the yemenite people in tortasa besides he fought againist franks and capatured narbonne,the Hisham was also the good administer and builder he built a bridge of Cordova. He always help to poor and destitute people and distributed money among them.during the time of Hisham the malaki school of fiqh was declared as state religion The cordova masjid was build by Ab rehman and it was completed by the Hisham in 793AD After the Hisham Al Hakam became the muslim rullar of spain.

Al Hakam 796-822

Al Hakam was born from the slave girl named as Azkarf,when he assumed the throne His age was only 22 years old Al hakam was the great warrior and got the title Muzzafar and Abul Asi the father of wicked during his time he made a strong naval force took naval expedition to the meditterian sea. According to the historians of islam said that he fought againist the theologians because of they adopted the policy of repression againist the non muslims.besides he fought againisst the ubaida Hamid at toledo and defeated him apartfrom that he defeated to Abu Hajjaj in the revolt of sargossa , after the death of hakam the abdul rehman 2 assumed the throne of spain.

Abdul Rehman 2

Ab Rehaman 2 got the title Al Aswat the voice he was a very pious and peace loving king He made campaign with france ,navarre, and defeated to remero 2 He made the peace treaty with the theophilus the emperor of constantiople besides he converted the cordova into second garden.after him the Muhammad assumed the throne then came munzir during the time of munzir the people got much happiness. Thereafter he succeded Abdullah finally Abdul Rahman 3 assumed the throne.

Abdul Rehman 3   812-961

Ab Rehman 3 his period is regarded as the golden period of muslim rule in Spain. He was 22years old at the time of his succession He is very much famous rullar for establishing the zahra town,in the center of the town he built a palace on the name of his wife called as zahra.which has many gates that dazzled the eyes of travellers.the Ab Rehman third united the whole spain the cordova came to be known as the jewel of the world.He was the only rullar in the muslim spain who got the title khalifa,and Al Nasir Din Allah the defender of the faith of Allah.inthe  times of Ab rehman the fatimid rullars tried to capature the whole spain and sent force Abu Abdha and Hijab but were failed.After his regime the Al Hakam 2 became the rullar of spain.

Al Hakam 2

He was regarded as the book worm during the regime of Al hakam he sent agents to east and west for the collection of study material and established a big library at cordova that contains 6 lakh books and was divided into 44 volumes that was the biggest achievement of al hakam.besides the university of cordova was established in his time the al hakam`s age was regarded as the augustain age.he was to be considered as the last great rullar of muslim spain.After him the process of decline started then came hisham 2 and the last rullar was the hisham 3.

After the death of Hisham the period later on called as the mulluk ul tawaif

The mulluk ul tawaif means the states were divided into many pretty states the cordova was founded by Abul Hazm and the granada was founded by bani zahri.the moravid dynasty rise in morroco founded by yousuf bin tashfin.the fortification of moors in spain later on was capatured by ferdinand and the fall of Granada occurred in 1492 the last moorish king was Al zagal.

 

Intectual,Educational And Literary Development Of Muslim Rullars In Spain.

The muslims in spain opens the brillant character in the intectual history of islam the spain became the seat of the culture and knowledge the cordova,seville,toledo became homes and birth place of emient scholars and poets the ancient science and philosphy was recovered

Philosphy in muslim spain

When muslims rulled in spain there were some brillant philosphers named as

Sulimaan bin Gabriel ,yaha ibn bajjah, ibn tufail who wrote famous book Ayyn ibn yaqzm,ibn rushud who wrote kulliyat fi at tib. The Abu bakr muhammad at turtushi was also the great andulusi philospher who wrote a book which is very famous book called as siraj ul mulluk,

Physicians under muslim rule in spain

Al Zahrawi was the great arab surgon and the physician he was worked in the court of Hakam 2 the ibn zuhr was another court physician of yousuf yaqub Besides Abdullah ibn baytyar was the greatest botanist of spain,

Astronomy in spain

The famous astronomers are  Al majirite at cordova,Al Zarqali was famous in toledo and ibn afalah was famous astronomer in seville.

Geographers of muslim spain

Al bakri wrote  Geographical dictionary

Al Idrisi wrote book of Rojar

Ibn jubyr wrote Rehatul kinani

Al Mazni wrote tuhfatul bilad

Historians of the muslim spain.

Ibn qutiyah wrote famous book called as the tarikhul iftitah fat al andlus

Marwan ibn khalaf wrote Al matin

The morrocan history wrote by the famous historian called as the Abdul wahid

Ibn al Faradi wrote tarikhul ulma al andlus the another famous historian and poet Ibn al khattib got the title dhu al wizaratyn.

 

The Art and Architecture of the muslim spain

Art;

The muslim rullars in spain developed the andulsi style of writing  the zirab was the famous musician in the court of Ab rehman 2 zirab had a daughter called as Hundunah was famous female teacher of ibn firnas.the rashid and ibn bajjah also wrote on music.the painting was dipicted in the palaces of cordova and granada ,in the field of music the muwashshah and zajal developed the great lyric system.

Architecture

The cordova was the capital of muslim spain it was called as the bridge of andalusian.it is to be said by the historians that the muslims built almost 50 thousand buildings in spain for aristrocracy and 10 thousand buildings were built for commoners.Ab rehman built cordova masjid the zahara palace was constructed under the regime of Ab rehman 3,the rullar al mowahid established a mosque of seville with its famous tower known as jirlda tower .

Decline of muslim rule in spain

The decline of the muslim rule in spain started in 1031 in times of hisham 2 during his time Ibn Amir  as one other great official eliminated the high officials and assumed the power then,He succeded Ab malik,then came Ab rehman sanchol who succeded Hisham in times of Hisham there started great conflict between Hisham and ummawai,after that another revolt started between Muhammad and suliman,there after the conflict between banu Hamids and suliman,finally weakned the power of muslim rullars in spain then the last rullar was Hisham 3 and was dismissed by his own officers in 1031.